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Original Article
Geometry or density: metric comparison for geographical Tor node distribution
Ruo Ando1
Suyam Ghale2
Yuto Arai3
Ko Kumada4
Yoshiyasu Takefuji5
1 National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. 2 3 4 5 Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.
Published Online: July-August 2026
Pages: 13-20
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijire.20260704003
References
1. R. Dingledine, N. Mathewson, and P. Syverson, "Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router," in Proceedings of the 13th USENIX
Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA, Aug. 2004, pp. 303-320.
2. The Tor Project, "Onionoo: The Tor Network Status Protocol." [Online]. Available: https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html
[Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
3. [The Tor Project, "CollecTor: Tor Metrics Data-Collecting Service." [Online]. Available: https://metrics.torproject.org/collector.html
[Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
4. The Tor Project, "Vote and Consensus Status Document Formats." [Online]. Available: https://spec.torproject.org/dir-spec/consensus-
formats.html [Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
5. G. Peyré and M. Cuturi, "Computational Optimal Transport," Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, vol. 11, nos. 5-6, pp. 355-
607, 2019.
6. M. Cuturi, "Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transport," in Advances in Neural Information Processing
Systems, vol. 26, 2013.
7. G. J. Székely and M. L. Rizzo, "Energy Statistics: A Class of Statistics Based on Distances," Journal of Statistical Planning and
Inference, vol. 143, no. 8, pp. 1249-1272, 2013.
8. D. M. Endres and J. E. Schindelin, "A New Metric for Probability Distributions," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49,
no. 7, pp. 1858-1860, Jul. 2003.
9. E. Hellinger, "Neue Begründung der Theorie quadratischer Formen von unendlichvielen Veränderlichen," Journal für die reine und
angewandte Mathematik, vol. 136, pp. 210-271, 1909.
Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA, Aug. 2004, pp. 303-320.
2. The Tor Project, "Onionoo: The Tor Network Status Protocol." [Online]. Available: https://metrics.torproject.org/onionoo.html
[Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
3. [The Tor Project, "CollecTor: Tor Metrics Data-Collecting Service." [Online]. Available: https://metrics.torproject.org/collector.html
[Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
4. The Tor Project, "Vote and Consensus Status Document Formats." [Online]. Available: https://spec.torproject.org/dir-spec/consensus-
formats.html [Accessed: Jun. 25, 2026].
5. G. Peyré and M. Cuturi, "Computational Optimal Transport," Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, vol. 11, nos. 5-6, pp. 355-
607, 2019.
6. M. Cuturi, "Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transport," in Advances in Neural Information Processing
Systems, vol. 26, 2013.
7. G. J. Székely and M. L. Rizzo, "Energy Statistics: A Class of Statistics Based on Distances," Journal of Statistical Planning and
Inference, vol. 143, no. 8, pp. 1249-1272, 2013.
8. D. M. Endres and J. E. Schindelin, "A New Metric for Probability Distributions," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49,
no. 7, pp. 1858-1860, Jul. 2003.
9. E. Hellinger, "Neue Begründung der Theorie quadratischer Formen von unendlichvielen Veränderlichen," Journal für die reine und
angewandte Mathematik, vol. 136, pp. 210-271, 1909.
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