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Comparative Analysis among Evolutionary Optimization Methods: Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution
Authors
1 2 4 Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, Queretaro, Qro., C.P, Mexico. 3 Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Rio Moctezuma No., Col. San Cayetano, San Juan del Rio, Qro., C.P, Mexico.
Article Information
- Published In
- Volume 7, Issue 5 (2026)
- Published Online
- September-October 2026
- Pages
- 91-101
- Article Type
- Original Article
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References
1. Eiben, A. E., & Smith, J. E. (2015). Introduction to Evolutionary Computing (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44874-8
2. Fogel, D. B. (2006). Evolutionary Computation: Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence (3rd ed.). IEEE Press.
3. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
4. Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. University of Michigan Press.
5. Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley.
6. Koza, J. R. (1992). Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. MIT Press.
7. Storn, R., & Price, K. (1997). Differential evolution—A simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. Journal of Global Optimization, 11(4), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008202821328
8. Das, S., Mullick, S. S., & Suganthan, P. N. (2016). Recent advances in differential evolution—An updated survey. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 27, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2016.01.004
9. Das, S., & Suganthan, P. N. (2011). Differential evolution: A survey of the state-of-the-art. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 15(1), 4–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2010.2059031
10. Price, K. V., Storn, R. M., & Lampinen, J. A. (2005). Differential Evolution: A Practical Approach to Global Optimization. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31306-0
11. Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of ICNN'95—International Conference on Neural Networks (Vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968
12. Poli, R., Kennedy, J., & Blackwell, T. (2007). Particle swarm optimization: An overview. Swarm Intelligence, 1, 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-007-0002-0
13. Mitchell, M. (1998). An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. MIT Press.
14. Dominguez, A., Stiharu, I., & Sedaghati, R. (2006). Practical design optimization of truss structures using the genetic algorithms. Research in Engineering Design, 17(2), 73.
15. Koziel, S. and Michalewicz, Z. (1999). Evolutionary Algorithms, Homomorphous Mappings, and Constrained Parameter Optimization. Evolutionary Computation, 7(1):19–44.
16. Michalewicz, Z. and Schoenauer M. (1996). Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Parameter Optimization Problems. Evolutionary Computation, 4(1):1–32.
2. Fogel, D. B. (2006). Evolutionary Computation: Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence (3rd ed.). IEEE Press.
3. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
4. Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. University of Michigan Press.
5. Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley.
6. Koza, J. R. (1992). Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. MIT Press.
7. Storn, R., & Price, K. (1997). Differential evolution—A simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. Journal of Global Optimization, 11(4), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008202821328
8. Das, S., Mullick, S. S., & Suganthan, P. N. (2016). Recent advances in differential evolution—An updated survey. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 27, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2016.01.004
9. Das, S., & Suganthan, P. N. (2011). Differential evolution: A survey of the state-of-the-art. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 15(1), 4–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2010.2059031
10. Price, K. V., Storn, R. M., & Lampinen, J. A. (2005). Differential Evolution: A Practical Approach to Global Optimization. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31306-0
11. Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of ICNN'95—International Conference on Neural Networks (Vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968
12. Poli, R., Kennedy, J., & Blackwell, T. (2007). Particle swarm optimization: An overview. Swarm Intelligence, 1, 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-007-0002-0
13. Mitchell, M. (1998). An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. MIT Press.
14. Dominguez, A., Stiharu, I., & Sedaghati, R. (2006). Practical design optimization of truss structures using the genetic algorithms. Research in Engineering Design, 17(2), 73.
15. Koziel, S. and Michalewicz, Z. (1999). Evolutionary Algorithms, Homomorphous Mappings, and Constrained Parameter Optimization. Evolutionary Computation, 7(1):19–44.
16. Michalewicz, Z. and Schoenauer M. (1996). Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Parameter Optimization Problems. Evolutionary Computation, 4(1):1–32.
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