ARCHIVES
Original Article
A Dual-Stream Multimodal Biometric Authentication System Using Ear Contour and Palmprint PCA Feature Fusion
Akhilesh Singh1
Dr NamitaTiwari2
Dr Mayur Rahul3
1 Research Scholar, Department of Computer Application, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Computer Application, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Faculty of Engg& Technology, Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti Language University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 383-399
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijire.20260703042
References
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10. Zahn, C. T., &Roskies, R. Z. (1972). Fourier descriptors for plane closed curves. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 100(3), 269–281.
11. Zhang, D., Kong, W. K., You, J., & Wong, M. (2003). Online palmprint identification. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1041–1050.
12. Daugman, J. (1985). Uncertainty relation for resolution in space and spatial frequency. Journal of the Optical Society of America.
13. Turk, M., &Pentland, A. (1991). Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1), 71–86.
14. Wu, J., Wang, S., & Yuan, L. (2014). Ear recognition using LBP. Pattern Recognition Letters, 45, 102–108.
15. Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2017). Multimodal biometric system based on ear and palmprint. IET Biometrics, 6(3), 183–189.
16. 1Bowyer, K. W., Chang, K., Sarkar, S., & Barnabas, P. (2003). Comparison and combination of ear and face images in biometrics.
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1160–1165.
17. Victor, B., Bowyer, K., &Sarkar, S. (2002). An evaluation of face and ear biometrics. Proceedings of ICPR, 1, 429–432.
18. Chen, H., &Bhanu, B. (2005). Human ear recognition in 3D. Proceedings of IEEE CVPR, 1043–1048.
19. Wu, J., Wang, S., & Yuan, L. (2014). Ear recognition using edge detection and LBP. Pattern Recognition Letters, 45, 102–108.
20. Zhang, D., Kong, W. K., You, J., & Wong, M. (2003). Online palmprint identification. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1041–1050.
21. Kumar, A., & Zhang, D. (2006). Combining palmprint with hand shape. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 36(2),
236–243.
22. Darwish, A., El-Hoseiny, H., & Ali, H. (2015). Feature concatenation of face and ear biometrics. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 118(5), 13–19.23. Nazmeen, S., Rahman, M., &Alam, J. (2014). Decision-level fusion of ear and face biometrics. International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science, 5(6), 140–146.
24. Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2017). Multimodal biometric system using ear and palmprint. IET Biometrics, 6(3), 183–189.
25. Priyadharshini, R., Sathyabama, B., &Murugeswari, R. (2021). Ear recognition using CNN. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and
Humanized Computing, 12(5), 5519–5528.
26. Bouzouina, M., &Hamami, L. (2017). Multimodal biometric system using SVM. Information Fusion, 34, 11–24.
27. Boucherit, S., Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2019). Finger vein recognition using deep learning. International Journal of Biometrics,
11(3), 221–239.
28. Ammour, B., Touat, L., & Al-shami, S. (2020). Continuous authentication using behavioral biometrics. Journal of Cybersecurity, 14(2),
65–78.
29. Islam, S. M., Davies, R., Bennamoun, M., Owens, R., &Mian, A. (2013). Multimodal 3D face and ear recognition. Pattern Recognition,
46(5), 1261–1272.
30. Nandakumar, K., Chen, Y. S. C., & Jain, A. K. (2008). Likelihood ratio-based biometric score fusion. IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 30(2), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.70796
31. Jing, X. Y., Yao, Y. F., Zhang, D., & Yang, J. (2007). Face and palmprint pixel level fusion and Kernel DCV-RBF classifier for small
sample biometric recognition. Pattern Recognition, 40(11), 3209–3224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2007.03.004
32. Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Li, X., Chen, L., & Zhang, D. (2015). An adaptive bimodal biometric recognition framework using sparse coding
for face and ear. Pattern Recognition Letters, 53, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2014.11.002
33. Yuan, L., & Mu, Z. C. (2012). Ear recognition based on local feature fusion. Pattern Recognition Letters, 33(14), 1821–1827.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2011.09.041
34. Hurley, D. J., Nixon, M. S., & Carter, J. N. (2005). Force field feature extraction for ear biometrics. Computer Vision and Image
Understanding, 98(3), 491–512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2004.11.001
35. Kumar, A., & Chan, T. S. T. (2013). Robust ear identification using sparse representation of local texture descriptors. Pattern
Recognition, 46(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.06.021
36. Basit, A., &Shoaib, M. (2014). A human ear recognition method using nonlinear curvelet feature subspace. International Journal of
Computer Mathematics, 91(3), 616–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2013.803630
37. Hanmandlu, M., Grover, J., &Gureja, A. (2013). Robust ear based authentication using local principal independent components. Expert
Systems with Applications, 40(16), 6478–6490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.06.012
38. Hu, D., Feng, G., & Zhou, Z. (2007). Two-dimensional locality preserving projections (2DLPP) with its application to palmprint
recognition. Pattern Recognition, 40(1), 339–342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2006.03.007
39. Zhang, L., Shen, Y., Li, H., Lu, G., & Zhang, D. (2015). 3D palmprint identification using block-wise features and collaborative
representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 37(8), 1730–1736.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2372793
40. Ghiani, L., Hadid, A., &Roli, F. (2013). Fingerprint liveness detection using binarized statistical image features. In Proceedings of
IEEE Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/BTAS.2013.6712735
41. Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., &Mäenpää, T. (2002). Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local
binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(7), 971–
987.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623
42. Kong, A., Zhang, D., &Kamel, M. (2009). A survey of palmprint recognition. Pattern Recognition, 42(7), 1408–1418.
Video Technology, 14(1), 4–20.
2. Ross, A., Nandakumar, K., & Jain, A. K. (2006). Handbook of multibiometrics. Springer.
3. Bowyer, K. W., Hollingsworth, K., & Flynn, P. J. (2008). Image understanding for iris biometrics. Computer Vision and Image
Understanding, 110(2), 281–307.
4. Li, S. Z., & Jain, A. (2011). Handbook of face recognition. Springer.
5. Kumar, A., & Zhang, D. (2006). Combining palmprint with face for user authentication. Pattern Recognition, 39(9), 1727–1737.
6. Ross, A., & Jain, A. K. (2003). Information fusion in biometrics. Pattern Recognition Letters, 24(13), 2115–2125.
7. Victor, B., Bowyer, K. W., &Sarkar, S. (2002). An evaluation of face and ear biometrics. ICPR Proceedings.
8. Chang, K., Bowyer, K. W., Sarkar, S., & Barnabas, P. (2003). Comparison of ear and face biometrics. IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1160–1165.
9. Chen, H., &Bhanu, B. (2005). Human ear recognition in 3D. CVPR Proceedings.
10. Zahn, C. T., &Roskies, R. Z. (1972). Fourier descriptors for plane closed curves. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 100(3), 269–281.
11. Zhang, D., Kong, W. K., You, J., & Wong, M. (2003). Online palmprint identification. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1041–1050.
12. Daugman, J. (1985). Uncertainty relation for resolution in space and spatial frequency. Journal of the Optical Society of America.
13. Turk, M., &Pentland, A. (1991). Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1), 71–86.
14. Wu, J., Wang, S., & Yuan, L. (2014). Ear recognition using LBP. Pattern Recognition Letters, 45, 102–108.
15. Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2017). Multimodal biometric system based on ear and palmprint. IET Biometrics, 6(3), 183–189.
16. 1Bowyer, K. W., Chang, K., Sarkar, S., & Barnabas, P. (2003). Comparison and combination of ear and face images in biometrics.
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1160–1165.
17. Victor, B., Bowyer, K., &Sarkar, S. (2002). An evaluation of face and ear biometrics. Proceedings of ICPR, 1, 429–432.
18. Chen, H., &Bhanu, B. (2005). Human ear recognition in 3D. Proceedings of IEEE CVPR, 1043–1048.
19. Wu, J., Wang, S., & Yuan, L. (2014). Ear recognition using edge detection and LBP. Pattern Recognition Letters, 45, 102–108.
20. Zhang, D., Kong, W. K., You, J., & Wong, M. (2003). Online palmprint identification. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1041–1050.
21. Kumar, A., & Zhang, D. (2006). Combining palmprint with hand shape. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 36(2),
236–243.
22. Darwish, A., El-Hoseiny, H., & Ali, H. (2015). Feature concatenation of face and ear biometrics. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 118(5), 13–19.23. Nazmeen, S., Rahman, M., &Alam, J. (2014). Decision-level fusion of ear and face biometrics. International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science, 5(6), 140–146.
24. Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2017). Multimodal biometric system using ear and palmprint. IET Biometrics, 6(3), 183–189.
25. Priyadharshini, R., Sathyabama, B., &Murugeswari, R. (2021). Ear recognition using CNN. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and
Humanized Computing, 12(5), 5519–5528.
26. Bouzouina, M., &Hamami, L. (2017). Multimodal biometric system using SVM. Information Fusion, 34, 11–24.
27. Boucherit, S., Hezil, N., &Boukrouche, A. (2019). Finger vein recognition using deep learning. International Journal of Biometrics,
11(3), 221–239.
28. Ammour, B., Touat, L., & Al-shami, S. (2020). Continuous authentication using behavioral biometrics. Journal of Cybersecurity, 14(2),
65–78.
29. Islam, S. M., Davies, R., Bennamoun, M., Owens, R., &Mian, A. (2013). Multimodal 3D face and ear recognition. Pattern Recognition,
46(5), 1261–1272.
30. Nandakumar, K., Chen, Y. S. C., & Jain, A. K. (2008). Likelihood ratio-based biometric score fusion. IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 30(2), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.70796
31. Jing, X. Y., Yao, Y. F., Zhang, D., & Yang, J. (2007). Face and palmprint pixel level fusion and Kernel DCV-RBF classifier for small
sample biometric recognition. Pattern Recognition, 40(11), 3209–3224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2007.03.004
32. Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Li, X., Chen, L., & Zhang, D. (2015). An adaptive bimodal biometric recognition framework using sparse coding
for face and ear. Pattern Recognition Letters, 53, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2014.11.002
33. Yuan, L., & Mu, Z. C. (2012). Ear recognition based on local feature fusion. Pattern Recognition Letters, 33(14), 1821–1827.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2011.09.041
34. Hurley, D. J., Nixon, M. S., & Carter, J. N. (2005). Force field feature extraction for ear biometrics. Computer Vision and Image
Understanding, 98(3), 491–512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2004.11.001
35. Kumar, A., & Chan, T. S. T. (2013). Robust ear identification using sparse representation of local texture descriptors. Pattern
Recognition, 46(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.06.021
36. Basit, A., &Shoaib, M. (2014). A human ear recognition method using nonlinear curvelet feature subspace. International Journal of
Computer Mathematics, 91(3), 616–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2013.803630
37. Hanmandlu, M., Grover, J., &Gureja, A. (2013). Robust ear based authentication using local principal independent components. Expert
Systems with Applications, 40(16), 6478–6490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.06.012
38. Hu, D., Feng, G., & Zhou, Z. (2007). Two-dimensional locality preserving projections (2DLPP) with its application to palmprint
recognition. Pattern Recognition, 40(1), 339–342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2006.03.007
39. Zhang, L., Shen, Y., Li, H., Lu, G., & Zhang, D. (2015). 3D palmprint identification using block-wise features and collaborative
representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 37(8), 1730–1736.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2372793
40. Ghiani, L., Hadid, A., &Roli, F. (2013). Fingerprint liveness detection using binarized statistical image features. In Proceedings of
IEEE Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/BTAS.2013.6712735
41. Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., &Mäenpää, T. (2002). Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local
binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(7), 971–
987.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623
42. Kong, A., Zhang, D., &Kamel, M. (2009). A survey of palmprint recognition. Pattern Recognition, 42(7), 1408–1418.
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